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This study investigates how and to what extent mechanization in land preparation (MLP) can help improve irrigation water productivity (IWP) (measured as rice yield per unit volume of irrigation water). We employed an endogenous treatment regression model to estimate the 2021 China Land Economic Survey (CLES) data collected from Jiangsu province, China. The results reveal that MLP adoption increases IWP significantly; a higher IWP is determined by whether or not farmers adopt MLP rather than through which channel they access their farm machines; the effects of MLP adoption on IWP are monotonically increasing across the selected quantiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the backward design model, the author of this article surveys and connects the economic competencies literature evolving from Hansen with the literature on literacy-targeted principles courses. He makes the case why departments should offer LT principles courses—which focus on higher-level mastery of a shorter list of concepts that students can apply throughout their lives—explains what students should be able to do after taking LT courses, and differentiates LT principles from existing "intro for non-majors" or "survey" courses. The author intends the article as a starting point for anyone interested in exploring or assessing the LT approach and suggests options for departments thinking about integrating LT principles into their course offerings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This survey article provides an overview of the recent experimental economic literature on fairness‐related behaviors in children and adolescents. We discuss different motives underlying fair behavior, summarize the development of fairness and inequality acceptance across different developmental stages, and we shed light on behavioral heterogeneity with respect to gender, SES, and cultural background. Moreover, we also discuss the role of preferences and social norms as determinants of fair behavior in children and adolescents. To learn about the origins of fair behavior, we address the influence of social environments, such as the family and we discuss the potential contribution of the genetic disposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Economic Survey of India of 2017-18 and OECD data show that the Indian Income Tax Department (ITD) loses more than two-thirds of the income tax appeals litigated before the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT), the High Courts, and the Supreme Court in India. However, reasons for the ITD's subpar performance, which may adversely impact revenue collection and the ability of the government to fund public services, are unknown. This study applies grounded theory methodology to case law, interview, and survey data to develop a theoretical model to explain the ITD's low success rate in income tax litigation. The study shows that Indian bureaucratic culture, which is characterised by poor accountability, ineffective performance management, and a trust deficit, contributes to the ITD's low success rate in income tax litigation before the ITAT and the courts. Inadequate accountability and ineffective performance management in turn contribute to the poor quality of income tax assessments and the ITD filing meritless or frivolous appeals. Factors that lead to such sub-standard quality of income tax assessments and ITD filed appeals include revenue targets imposed on income tax officials by the ITD, inadequate supervision of tax officials with regard to their assessment of tax, and tax officials disregarding precedent in the process of making assessments and filing appeals. The inferior quality of income tax assessments and ITD filed appeals consequently results in the low success rate of the ITD in tax litigation. In addition, poor accountability and ineffective performance management perpetuate inadequate representation of the ITD before the appellate fora, adding to the ITD's losses in litigation. Further, trust deficit, which underlies Indian bureaucratic culture, fosters a mindset of tax officials that reflects prejudice against taxpayers and a fear of audit and investigation. Trust deficit also leads to officials abdicating their responsibility to make objective decisions in favour of taxpayers. This trust deficit therefore adds to the poor quality of tax assessments and appeals filed by the ITD, further compounding the ITD's losses in income tax litigation. By explaining reasons for the low success rate of the ITD in income tax litigation as well as the poor quality of income tax assessments made and income tax appeals filed by the ITD, the theory of Indian bureaucratic culture provides insights for reforming Indian tax administration. Further, the use of grounded theory methodology to develop a theory based on multiple sources of empirical evidence is a unique contribution to the field of taxation and to the literature on tax administration, especially, the literature on Indian tax administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China’s manufacturing sector has been a key source of the economy’s dynamism. Analysis after 2007 however is hampered by problems in the key data source for empirical analysis, the National Bureau of Statistics’ (NBS) annual survey of industrial firms. Issues include missing information on value added and intermediate inputs, and concerns of over-reporting. The annual survey of firms conducted by China’s State Taxation Administration (STA) provides a reliable, alternative source of firm-level data for years from 2007 to 2013. Since the sample is not representative and the precise sampling scheme is not known, the data cannot be used directly to draw inferences on China’s manufacturing sector. By comparing the joint distribution of key variables for which both surveys provide reasonably reliable information, we recover the sampling scheme of the STA survey and use it to simulate samples for 2007 to 2013 that are comparable to the NBS sample in earlier years. Our estimates reveal a marked slowdown in revenue-based total factor productivity growth that cuts across all industries, ownership types, and regions. The loss of dynamism in the private sector, and the reduced contribution of firm entry to aggregate productivity growth are especially prominent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing use of social-network games, game addiction has become a serious challenge to the world. This study investigates the effects of risk preference, loss aversion, and time preference on the behaviour of Japanese adolescents and young adults purchasing 'Gacha', or loot box gambling, in social-network games. We surveyed 1,210 respondents, aged 12 to 23 years; approximately 34% of the respondents had purchased 'Gacha'. We found that loss-averse and risk-averse female respondents had less experience paying for 'Gacha', with their highest billing amount charged per month being lower than that of other female respondents. Furthermore, future-oriented female respondents had less payment experience than present-oriented ones, with the highest billing amount charged per month for the former respondents being also lower. The highest billing amount charged per month of loss-averse male respondents was significantly lower than that of other male respondents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article sheds light on the impact of the media on economists' expectations for future economic developments. We conducted a worldwide economic expert survey and find that the media provides most economists with valuable information that influences their expectations. This applies significantly more for economists in countries with long standing democratic systems and developing countries with somewhat flawed democratic institutions than for economists in newer democracies and countries with authoritarian regimes. Moreover, the experts estimate the influence of the media remarkably higher on others than on themselves. This is consistent with the theory of the third‐person effect that says that an individual's behavior is influenced due to the belief that other people find certain issues important and act accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport has often had an important role in times of crisis, but the Covid-19 pandemic is another matter. Sport was heavily affected world-wide on all levels. In Sweden, gathering people for endurance events conflicted with the Covid-19 restrictions. Some events were cancelled, but many tried to adapt. What adaptation strategies to Covid-19 have Swedish event organizers used? What role have digital tools played in their adaptation? What economic impacts did these events experience? We argue that the challenges posed by Covid-19 have accelerated the digitization of endurance events and highlighted the tensions between commercial and non-commercial actors in sports due to the differences in financial structure and eligibility for economic support. We thereby contribute to the growing research on how sport events in general have been impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic, and specifically in the context of Sweden's somewhat exceptional response to the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty is a big threat to prosperity in developing countries like Pakistan. Alleviating poverty needs concerted efforts including how to measure and analyze poverty. Therefore, this paper employs synthetic panel technique and uses repeated cross-sections household survey dataset (Household Integrated and Economic Survey (HIES)) of Pakistan for 2010–11 and 2015–16, to derive poverty bounds for Pakistan. The findings of the paper suggest that 17% of population still remains in poverty in 2015–16 as they were in 2010–11. They don't move in or out of poverty. In the same periods 19% population affected by poverty. The 2.5% poor's of 2010–11 moves out of poverty in 2015–16. This constitutes the first attempt to provide an insight into poverty dynamics in Pakistan using the available survey data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rudarsko-Geolosko-Naftni Zbornik is the property of Faculty of Mining, Geology & Petroleum Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This state-of-the-field article surveys the economic histories of Netherlandish art. Tracing major contributions by scholars following in the footsteps of Michael Montias, we present the developments of art historical econometrics and consider the evolving ways in which economic analyses address topics such as supply, demand, price, labor, and form. We show the various applications of economic methods and pay particular attention to the interrelations between quantitative research and other modes of inquiry: archival, technical, biographical, stylistic, digital, regional, global, and so forth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We administer a survey of economic policy preferences to a representative sample of the Turkish voting-age population. We show that policy preferences are distributed in non-linear ways that are at odds with what could be expected from a conventional left-right division. We find that while objective socioeconomic differences are bad at predicting economic policy preferences, the latter are distinctly associated with politically salient cleavages built on religiosity and ethnicity. We also examine how preferences of each party's voters compare with party programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Descriptive analyses of socially important or theoretically interesting phenomena and trends are a vital component of research in the behavioral, social, economic, and health sciences. Such analyses yield reliable results when using representative individual participant data (IPD) from studies with complex survey designs, including educational large‐scale assessments (ELSAs) or social, health, and economic survey and panel studies. The meta‐analytic integration of these results offers unique and novel research opportunities to provide strong empirical evidence of the consistency and generalizability of important phenomena and trends. Using ELSAs as an example, this tutorial offers methodological guidance on how to use the two‐stage approach to IPD meta‐analysis to account for the statistical challenges of complex survey designs (e.g., sampling weights, clustered and missing IPD), first, to conduct descriptive analyses (Stage 1), and second, to integrate results with three‐level meta‐analytic and meta‐regression models to take into account dependencies among effect sizes (Stage 2). The two‐stage approach is illustrated with IPD on reading achievement from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). We demonstrate how to analyze and integrate standardized mean differences (e.g., gender differences), correlations (e.g., with students' socioeconomic status [SES]), and interactions between individual characteristics at the participant level (e.g., the interaction between gender and SES) across several PISA cycles. All the datafiles and R scripts we used are available online. Because complex social, health, or economic survey and panel studies share many methodological features with ELSAs, the guidance offered in this tutorial is also helpful for synthesizing research evidence from these studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify dietary trends in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) and whether inequities in dietary patterns are changing. We extracted data from the Household Economic Survey (HES), which was designed to provide information on impacts of policy-making in NZ, and performed descriptive analyses on food expenditures. Overall, total household food expenditure per capita increased by 0.38% annually over this period. Low-income households spent around three quarters of what high-income households spent on food per capita. High-income households experienced a greater increase in expenditure on nuts and seeds and a greater reduction in expenditure on processed meat. There was increased expenditure over time on fruit and vegetables nuts and seeds, and healthy foods in Māori (Indigenous) households with little variations in non-Māori households. But there was little change in processed meat expenditure for Māori households and expenditure on less healthy foods also increased over time. Routinely collected HES data were useful and cost-effective for understanding trends in food expenditure patterns to inform public health interventions, in the absence of nutrition survey data. Potentially positive expenditure trends for Māori were identified, however, food expenditure inequities in processed meat and less healthy foods by ethnicity and income continue to be substantial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the heterogeneous results about the impact of temporary jobs on subsequent labour market performances and to provide policymakers with further information on the effects of temporary contracts under particular circumstances. Design/methodology/approach: The authors present a quantitative systematic review on the debate about the "stepping stone vs dead end" hypothesis related to the causal effect of temporary jobs on future labour market performances. Findings: Among 78 observations from 64 articles, 32% support the hypothesis according to which temporary contracts are a port of entry into stable employment positions, 23% report ambiguous or mixed findings and the remaining 45% provide evidence in favour of the dead end hypothesis. The results from meta-regressions suggest that the stepping stone effect is more likely to emerge when self-selectivity issues are dealt with. The studies focussing on temporary work agency jobs and casual/seasonal jobs support more easily the dead end hypothesis. Finally, in more recent years and when the unemployment rate is larger, the dead end hypothesis is more likely to prevail. Originality/value: Although many studies have been published on this issue, to the best of the authors' knowledge, there are no recent analytic economic surveys on the "stepping stone vs dead end" debate. The main contribution of this article is to fill this gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper aims to analyze the functioning and coverage of the public distribution system in rural Haryana, India. For analyses, secondary data were taken from various government reports like the Economic Survey of Haryana, Economic Survey of India, Census of India, Food and Supply Department, Haryana, etc. The analyses were conducted using descriptive statistics. : The study's findings revealed that the public distribution system facilitates 51.45 percent of the total rural population of Haryana. As Per the guidelines of the National Food Security Act (NFSA) 2013, 75 percent of the rural population should be covered by the States under the benefits of the public distribution system. The public distribution system operates in the State with a vast network of Fair Price Shops (FPS) and a well-organized structure. The study revealed that the ratio of the beneficiaries of PDS to the FPS in Haryana is quite satisfactory and meets the criteria fixed by the Food and Supply Department of India. The State of Haryana does not meet the criteria of NFSA, 2013. One primary reason is that a large part of the population falls under the APL category, which has been excluded from the benefits of PDS after the implementation of NFSA, 2013.While the ratio of beneficiaries to FPS indicates the magnificent functioning of FPSs in the State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we investigate the trend and pattern of nutritional status of women and children in North East India and explore the factors that perhaps explain the same. The analysis is based on secondary data available from various rounds of NFHS survey, Economic survey of India and other supporting secondary literature portrait the dichotomy between growth and development through the lenses of nutritional parameter. Apparently different NER states have flared differently in nutritional parameter and thereby urge to have states specific approach in identifying and targeting factors contribute the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use the 2018 survey data from the Household, Income, and Labour Dynamic (HILDA) in Australia and the Household Economic Survey (HES) in New Zealand to investigate the retirement income sufficiency in Australia and New Zealand. Our baseline results indicate that the annuitized net wealth is greater for Australian retirees than for New Zealand retirees. However, New Zealand retirees enjoy a higher level of life satisfaction than Australian retirees. Further analysis reveals a significant greater pre- and postretirement income for the top 10% of wealthy Australian retirees, mainly due to the higher level of homeownership in Australia within this group. Our study fills the gap in the existing literature, which studies the macro- and microlevel influences on Australia and New Zealand retirees, and it also offers important policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous panel surveys around the world use multiple modes of data collection to recruit and interview respondents. Previous studies have shown that mixed-mode data collection can improve response rates, reduce nonresponse bias, and reduce survey costs. However, these advantages come at the expense of potential measurement differences between modes. A major challenge in survey research is disentangling measurement error biases from nonresponse biases in order to study how mixing modes affects the development of both error sources over time. In this article, we use linked administrative data to disentangle both nonresponse and measurement error biases in the long-running mixed-mode economic panel study "Labour Market and Social Security" (PASS). Through this study design we answer the question of whether mixing modes reduces nonresponse and measurement error biases compared to a single-mode design. In short, we find that mixing modes reduces nonresponse bias for most variables, particularly in later waves, with only small effects on measurement error bias. The total bias and mean-squared error are both reduced under the mixed-mode design compared to the counterfactual single-mode design, which is a reassuring finding for mixed-mode economic panel surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistical surveys are often used in shaping managerial policy and practice. In this paper we study, how to analyze the association between two categorical variables based on census data with a high level of nonresponse. The purpose is to discuss the suggested approach to the investigation. We used the census data from the survey executed at one Slovak University for testing the new process. The proposed process offers the methods of analysis of the association between two categorical variables based on pseudo-population estimated from the census data with a high level of nonresponse. We recommend using the process in the surveys in which the costs of survey execution by the census are practically not different from sample survey costs, and the connections to all units of the population are available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subjects of the study are private security companies. Its object is the leading role of the customer-centric approach for financial and economic justification of the successful functioning and development of private security companies. The research hypothesis is that an objective assessment of the financial and economic aspects and the motivation of individuals and legal entities to purchase protection and security services under the conditions of post-epidemic recovery of the economy can be carried out by means of customer satisfaction and service pricing justification surveys. The aim of this article is to present the results of a customer satisfaction survey and the assessment of the financial and economic aspects as well as the motivation of individuals and legal entities to purchase protection and security services under the conditions of post-epidemic recovery of the economy. Structurally, the article includes three main sections: the first section focuses on the circulation of cash flows of private security companies; the second section presents selected elements of the conducted survey; and the third present an analysis of the survey among private security companies where the protection and security services compete and at the same time complement property insurance services. The survey results (based on a multi-crtieria Likert scale) confirm the validity of the "value for money" concept as an important factor for the pricing of private protection and security services. The survey questionnaire successfully compares the services of non-life insurance companies and the services of protection and security companies. The prevailing opinion is in favour of using the services of specialized companies over taking out insurance policies, with 61% of respondents expressing the opinion that hiring a specialized protection and security company is a more effective way to ensure property protection to taking out equivalent insurance with a general insurance company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Health economic (HE) models are routinely used to support health policy and resource allocation decisions but are often considered "black boxes" that may be prone to error and bias. Open source models (OSMs) have been advocated to increase the transparency, credibility, and reuse of HE models. Previous studies have demonstrated interest in OSMs among the health economics and outcomes research community, but the number of OSMs remains low.Methods: We conducted an online survey of ISPOR (the leading professional society for health economics and outcomes research) members' perspectives on the usefulness of OSMs and barriers to their development and implementation.Results: Respondents (N = 230) included academics (27%), pharmaceutical (or related) industry representatives (23%), health research or consulting representatives (21%), governmental or nonprofit agency representatives (10%), and others (19%). Respondents were generally not familiar with barriers to the development and adoption of OSMs. Most agreed that OSMs would improve transparency (92%), efficiency (76%), and HE model reuse (86%) and promote confidence in using HE models (75%). The use of OSMs by health technology assessment authorities was considered a very important indicator of the usefulness of OSMs by 49% of respondents. Three-quarters of respondents perceived legal concerns and the ability to transfer data as important barriers to the development and use of OSMs.Conclusions: Respondents believe that OSMs could increase the transparency, efficiency, and credibility of HE models, but that several barriers hamper their widespread adoption. Our results suggest that fundamental changes may be needed across the health economics and outcomes research community if OSMs are to become widely adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims an investigating the impact of the agricultural sector on the economic growth of Pakistan. Johansen co-integration was used to show the long-run relation between livestock, fisheries, major crops, minor crops, gross capital formation, and economic growth in Pakistan. The data were taken from the Pakistan Economic Surveys for the period 1987-2017. The Vector-Correction Model results show that in the short run livestock and fisheries have a negative and insignificant effect on growth. The significant negative value of the Vector Error Correction Model coefficients shows that the parameters will do adjustment and return to equilibrium in the long run. The co-integration results showed a positive link between sub-sectors of agriculture and economic growth. The study is crucial for policy makers regarding the promotion of agricultural sector. The agriculture sector is very important for the growth of Pakistan’s economy, but it has not been given due importance. The study recommends the formulation of suitable policies to promote the livestock and fisheries sector in Pakistan to raise the sources of foreign revenue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic and financial forecasts are important for business planning and government policy but are notoriously challenging. We take advantage of recent advances in individual and group judgement, and a data set of economic and financial forecasts compiled over 25 years, consisting of multiple individual and institutional estimates, to test the claim that nominal groups will make more accurate economic and financial forecast than individuals. We validate the forecasts using the subsequent published (real) outcomes, explore the performance of nominal groups against institutions, identify potential superforecasters and discuss the benefits of implementing structured judgment techniques to improve economic and financial forecasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the Australian Twins Economic Preferences Survey (ATEPS). The data set comprises a wide variety of preference and behavioral measures (risk aversion, impatience, ambiguity aversion, trust, confidence) elicited using incentivized decision tasks. One-thousand one-hundred twenty Australian adult twins (560 pairs) completed the survey, making it one of the largest data sets containing incentivized preference measures of twins. As the survey was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, we also collected information on experiences related to the pandemic, along with a variety of questions on political attitudes and mental wellbeing. We hope that ATEPS can make a valuable contribution to social science and genetics research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of an empirical economic data-based survey of the costs and revenues of geographical data and Web services across public administration in Czechia. The survey was composed of questionnaires and interviews. The data was collected from the 19 biggest public producers of geographical information and 25 organizations that use geographical information. The results focus on the economic consequences of data opening, splitting finances within public administration bodies, the prioritization of activities related to geographical information, licensing issues and life cycle planning etc. We also consider user opinions on the restrictions on the (re)use of geographical information of public administration, including open data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Idafat : Arab Journal of Sociology is the property of Centre for Arab Unity Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Research background: Currently, online marketing communication represents a modern marketing approach, which is an important means of gaining a competitive advantage. Its field is versatile, suitable for any type of business and for achieving a wide range of goals. Trends in this area are subject to rapid changes and, in addition to the need for knowledge, require continuous optimization of marketing campaigns depending on current customer requirements. Among all consumers generations, it is Generation Z that represents one of the target segments for online marketing communication and that mostly via social media. Purpose of the article: Based on the above mentioned, the main aim of the paper is to analyse the use of online marketing communication in Slovak conditions, and its perception by Generation Z. This includes providing the theoretical background and analysis of the online marketing communication from the viewpoint of Slovak and foreign authors. The important source for secondary data was scientific research, annual companies report, statistical databases, published professional publications. Methods: In order to found out the perception of the online marketing communication from the perspective of Generation Z, a questionnaire survey was conducted. For determination the sample size, the base file representing number of populations from Generation Z was obtained from demographic statistics of the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. General scientific methods (i.e., excerption, description, comparative analysis, deduction and induction) were used for data processing, as well as mathematical and statistical methods in the evaluation of data from the survey. Findings & Value added: In order to achieve the main goal of the paper, based on the theoretical background and survey results, research hypotheses were formulated and subsequently verified. Finally, based on the analysis and results of the questionnaire survey, benefits of the application of online marketing communication as a key tool to capture the attention of Generation Z were highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Direito da Cidade is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We apply a soft computing method to generate country-specific economic sentiment indicators that provide estimates of year-on-year GDP growth rates for 19 European economies. First, genetic programming is used to evolve business and consumer economic expectations to derive sentiment indicators for each country. To assess the performance of the proposed indicators, we first design a nowcasting experiment in which we recursively generate estimates of GDP at the end of each quarter, using the latest business and consumer survey data available. Second, we design a forecasting exercise in which we iteratively re-compute the sentiment indicators in each out-of-sample period. When evaluating the accuracy of the predictions obtained for different forecast horizons, we find that the evolved sentiment indicators outperform the time-series models used as a benchmark. These results show the potential of the proposed approach for prediction purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper panel analysis is being carried on original Relative Income Hypothesis (RIH) and its other modifications over the time span of 1998 to 2015. To furnish reliable and appropriate estimation, Households Integrated Economic Surveys (HIES) based consumption and income variables have been gone through various stages of data filtering. The findings of Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) significantly validate the relevance of three types of ratchet effects (income, consumption and habit) in provinces. Average Propensity to Consume is highest for Baluchi's households followed respectively by Pashtuns, Punjabi, and Sindhi. The selection of constant slop model implies that province-wise there is no difference in magnitudes of ratchet effect obtained from various versions of RIH. All provinces make adjustments in long run to their consumption in response to income fluctuations. Estimated marginal consumption propensities are according to economic theory that shows smooth consumption path in short run as well in the long run. Polices should be formulated to switch consumer mind set from consumption oriented to saving oriented with the help of appropriate tool of fiscal and monetary policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For policymakers who intend to make decisions on the policy to stimulate economic growth and enhance job opportunities, business demography statistics serve as important data sources for promoting entrepreneurship, which is a key for the policy. Business demography, which usually consists of annual demographic information such as the number of births, deaths, and survivals of businesses, can be produced from a business register in many countries. In Japan, however, it is difficult to produce business demography directly from the Japanese business resister called Establishment Frame Database because the major data source for the database is the Economic Census, conducted twice every five years. Alternatively, business demography can be estimated using the data of the Economic Census. However, it has been pointed out that short-lived births of businesses are hardly grasped by the estimation using the data of statistical surveys such as the Economic Census at intervals of more than one year. This paper introduces a stochastic model to cope with the above issue and proposes a calculation formula to estimate the number of short-lived births of businesses as well as other demographic indicators of business demography. Then the paper is followed by a numerical example, which proves to overcome the shortcomings of previous methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper begins with a brief reminder of the origin of economic sociology. It then surveys research by economic sociologists from the 1980s to the present, with a focus on their relation to political economy, which ranges from close to arm's length. Finally, beyond any differences between economic theory and economic sociology, the paper considers how both approaches can be connected in the socio-historical and economic study of economic inequalities by Thomas Piketty, and the use of matching markets by Alvin Roth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of sheep stocks has been declining in Germany for years. The reason for this seems to be the tense economic situation in sheep farming. To verify this thesis as well as analyzing essential factors on the economy, data from all in Germany active advisory initiatives of the years 2013 to 2019 were brought together and, as far as possible, placed on a comparable basis. As part of a follow-up project, regular surveys on economic efficiency in sheep farming are to be continued and evaluated centrally by uniform data masks by the advisory initiatives. The present investigation refers to the profitability results of > 700 farm surveys on full-time holdings with > 450.000 ewes in 8 federal states. The results show that for a total income of € 280 €/ewe + year, about 60% comes from public grants. In spite of this high proportion of funding, no positive calculatory operating result will be achieved in German sheep farming. In practice, this is compensated by a low reward of own work of about 6 €/hour. Increased public grants, lamb prices and/or productivity figures are required for a working time reward of > 15 €/hour, corresponding to agricultural level. In this context the relatively high lamb prices in the year 2021 are a welcome development. Due to large differences between holdings, regions and years, the results show partly large variations. For improving the economic situation in sheep farming, optimization options must also be exhausted in the shepherds, e.g. on the use of consulting services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Odisha, an eastern Indian state, has reported an increasing number of humanelephant conflicts in recent years. Odisha's economic survey (2014-15) reveals that, up until January 2014, about 42,371.86-hectares of forest land had been destroyed for developmental activities. The loss of natural habitat has increased the frequency of conflict. The household survey conducted in nine villages within the Nilagiri forest range, captured various costs of conflict such as crop damage, human fatalities and injury, property damage, and livestock depredation. Findings suggested that crop-raiding was persistent and severe, which threatened food security and livelihoods. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified factors influencing perceptions of the adequacy of compensation. Results show that respondents were less likely to say that compensation amounts were adequate if they had attended more than five years of schooling; if they had an annual family income greater than INR 13,500; and if the amount of compensation was more than INR 12,500. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article highlights the intellectual influence of the UN through its flagship publication, World Economic and Social Survey, first published in 1948, as World Economic Report, and three pioneering reports published between 1949 and 1951. It will also reflect on the changing role of the UN in setting development agenda—from a leader to a minor player—and attempts to recapture its lost glory. It argues that despite UN's 'ahead of the curve' and enduring analytical contributions, there have been conscious and concerted efforts by interested parties to undermine the UN. Its leading economists came under attack during the infamous McCarthy witch-hunts era; and it has been working on a shoestring budget, while the powerful countries diverting their fundings to ideologically driven international financial institutions, especially since the early 1980s with the triumph of neo-liberalism. Despite the UN being able to claw-back its leading role in agenda setting since the 1990s, its independent analytical work is now threatened again as severely budget-constrained UN seeks partnership with the corporate sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Economic Experts Survey (EES) is a newly initiated global quarterly survey of economic experts. The EES elicits the assessment of influential economic experts around the world about current economic policies and the political performance of their host countries. This article introduces the EES and presents the results from the first survey wave in the first quarter of 2022. Expert responses reveal large regional differences in the assessment of economic policy. The results further show that the overall political situation worsened compared to the previous quarter. In a special module, the EES also asks experts about their assessments of the current Covid-19 policies. Experts notice improvement in public health measures and recommend relaxing measures further compared to end-2021. They also recommend more expansionary Covid-19 fiscal policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco consumption is growing day by day everywhere in the world in countless forms such as supari, tobacco raw, chew, pan, cigarettes, bidi and naswar etc. Tobacco consumption may avert the limited family resources far away from advantageous uses between low-slung income households. The relatively underprivileged households frequently allocate an ample share of the domestic budget on tobacco expenditures. These uneconomical expenditures on tobacco could be a diversion of household monetary resources from necessary things, such as foodstuff, healthcare and education. Explicitly this paper discovers the crowding-out impact of tobacco expenditures on a household's education and health payouts. The facts for this study has been engaged from HIES (Household Integrated Economic Survey) conducted regularly by PBS (Pakistan Bureau of Statistics) that offers evidence at household level and covered the whole nation. The estimation has been carried out by employing the Engel Curves, the quadratic terms using QUAIDS (Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System) were found to be empirically important in describing household budget behavior. By employing data on outlays, study evaluated a user demand structure that comprises numerous main spending classifications (tobacco, education and healthcare). OLS (Ordinary Least Square) was used to estimate the effect of tobacco outlay and other covariates on share of education and health in the total budget of a household. The results found out were just alike John (2006) that a rise in the tobacco expenditure brings a reduction in the budget quota dedicated to health and education. The quantitative results aim to help the policy makers to formulate and apply such policies to restrict the consumption of tobacco products and diverting those expenses for the formation of human capital by increased spending on health and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This survey provides a selective review of the literature on patent policy, innovation and economic growth. The patent system is a useful policy tool for stimulating innovation given its importance on technological progress and economic growth. However, the patent system is a multidimensional system, which features multiple patent policy instruments. In this survey, we review some of the commonly discussed patent policy instruments, such as patent length, patent breadth and blocking patents, and also use a canonical Schumpeterian growth model to demonstrate their different effects on innovation and the macroeconomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Facility design standardization strategy has considerable advantages, highlighted by its widespread and consistent use in the shipbuilding and manufacturing industries. However, capital projects have failed to realize these benefits. The primary rationale behind this problem is the lack of proper understanding of design standardization, more specifically the benefits and equally importantly, the trade-offs of design standardization in capital projects. Therefore, this study highlights 13 benefits and six trade-offs of standardization in connection to design standardization, along with specific examples. Design/methodology/approach: To achieve the study objectives, the researchers identified the most impactful benefits and trade-offs in terms of economic impact by surveying prominent players in the industry. Furthermore, the researchers examined 43 actual case projects (a case study) executed with the standardization strategy to evaluate the industry's status in terms of the levels of advantage achievement and disadvantage incurrence. Findings: The results of this survey show that design once, reuse multiple times and design and procurement in advance are the most impactful benefits. Similarly, susceptible to changes in the market conditions is one of the top trade-offs that can be incurred in capital projects when implementing standardization. The results also highlight that design once, reuse multiple times is one of the most achieved benefits in standardized capital projects today, while cost of establishing the design standard is the most incurred trade-off. Originality/value: This study provides important insight into how standardization strategy can be advantageous while also enriching the literature about pitfalls expected from standardization. Moreover, this study's results will help the industrial sector achieve higher levels of design standardization by providing a better understanding of the benefits and trade-offs of design standardization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]